So, there is always this magic gap between sensation and words that we use to describe certain experiences. I am thinking on wine right now, and the many regions in France where wine is produced. A quote from Daniel Dennett on speech: "Fully fledged and executed communicative intentions - Meanings - could emerge from quasi-evolutionary process of speech act design that involves collaboration, partly serial, partly in parallel, of various subsystems none of which is capable on its own of performing - or ordering - a speech act."
The semantics of wine might be related to the semantics processes that assign words to taste.
Tuesday, December 12, 2006
Wednesday, October 25, 2006
Symbols and their meanings
I am reading a book with very nice poetry on design and technology by John Maeda. The book addresses the pleasure which simplicity can provide in a complex world. Or, it addresses the important question on how to look at complexity and appreciate correct reduction of it.
One of the chapters in the book is called "more emotions, than less". It is stated that humans are disposed to communication with emotional content, and that we naturally try to express emotions. Maybe this is related to our strong instincts for attachments to people. Often, agreeing (or disagreeing) with ideas seems to be more important than the ideas themselves. (I think one can observe this phenomenon in schools for example. Agreeing with a teacher is often more helpful for ones career than trying to pursuit the understanding of ones own ideas. If this hypothesis is true, teachers have some important responsibility: Make their students learn to understand and build their own theories, and not to take theories because of reasons of attachment.)
John Maeda explains the use of the emotional symbols :-), ;-), :-p .And indeed, I once read the statement of a mathematician that he would like to use symbols in programming languages, greek letters to specify surfaces or volumes maybe. Because mathematicians, they transport a lot of information by the use of symbols. How forms in space can be changed to understand a process for example. Anyway, to understand symbols, there must be some form of compilation or interpretation that takes place. In computer science, interpretation is based on attributing symbols to categories, and return a value that corresponds with this state.
One of the chapters in the book is called "more emotions, than less". It is stated that humans are disposed to communication with emotional content, and that we naturally try to express emotions. Maybe this is related to our strong instincts for attachments to people. Often, agreeing (or disagreeing) with ideas seems to be more important than the ideas themselves. (I think one can observe this phenomenon in schools for example. Agreeing with a teacher is often more helpful for ones career than trying to pursuit the understanding of ones own ideas. If this hypothesis is true, teachers have some important responsibility: Make their students learn to understand and build their own theories, and not to take theories because of reasons of attachment.)
John Maeda explains the use of the emotional symbols :-), ;-), :-p .And indeed, I once read the statement of a mathematician that he would like to use symbols in programming languages, greek letters to specify surfaces or volumes maybe. Because mathematicians, they transport a lot of information by the use of symbols. How forms in space can be changed to understand a process for example. Anyway, to understand symbols, there must be some form of compilation or interpretation that takes place. In computer science, interpretation is based on attributing symbols to categories, and return a value that corresponds with this state.
Thursday, October 05, 2006
The stars and elements
Today, I obtained one of the most important books in human history so far. It's Euclids collections of observations about very simple elements: points and lines. My first observation is that only the introduction to this book is readable as a classical story. The introduction tells about the warm climate of the mediterranean, asks the reader to imagine flourishing agriculture and trading routes between small cities in the Nile delta 2400 years ago. Then, it tells about a city where the people gathered to discuss such things as navigation and architecture, the precursors of knowledge based industries maybe.
The first practical use of observing the stars was navigation on the sea, but the moving patterns and the wonder of small light points in an endless sky, certainly lead to more speculative questions about the hidden laws that make them and us move. Well, for Euclid, it might have lead to write a book about mathematics. Geometry is one of the origins of mathematics, and might teach us some good deal about problem solving. Euclid did not really mention what kinds of problems he wanted to solve. All he shows is how to prove that a proposal is true or false. He must have had quite some fun in discussing about design of reasoning with poets, sailors, artists, priests, kids ? I think the Alexandria of 300 B.C. might have been a place like this.
The first practical use of observing the stars was navigation on the sea, but the moving patterns and the wonder of small light points in an endless sky, certainly lead to more speculative questions about the hidden laws that make them and us move. Well, for Euclid, it might have lead to write a book about mathematics. Geometry is one of the origins of mathematics, and might teach us some good deal about problem solving. Euclid did not really mention what kinds of problems he wanted to solve. All he shows is how to prove that a proposal is true or false. He must have had quite some fun in discussing about design of reasoning with poets, sailors, artists, priests, kids ? I think the Alexandria of 300 B.C. might have been a place like this.
Sunday, September 24, 2006
Uffizi, tuscany and wine
Wow.
My last two weeks have been an amazing experience, not because I was swimming in days of joy and happiness, but because I could improve my insights of Jimi Hendrix quote "I don't mind". Of course I do, but once in a while it is important to realize, that we shouldn't.
It all started with a 6 hours jet-lag, a stop-over in Amsterdam, and an elevator which gains exclusive access to members only. Actually, the only important occurence was the elevator not accepting VISA cards, but only badges. The designers of the elevators did not take into account the decreasing mental abilities of old people, i.e. that they might have trouble of discerning between credit cards and access badges. So, the lift, didn't move, and the old user was frustrated. Now, the clever mind asks, how to design a better elevator ? First of all, the elevator certainly did not have any idea what kind of beings send a request for a transport service. It could have been mushroom cladded aliens. Anyway, the only way to fully authenticate oneself would be by reading your personal DNA structure. (I find this a great idea by the way.)
So, it took me some days to realize that there is an important connection between our DNA structure, and our personal ambitions, our feelings for pleasure and suffering, and our capabilities to communicate about this by using music, paintings, fashion, food, cars, black magic vodoo dolls, compasses, elevators etc. It is because we all take somehow part in effects of human minds, that we always try out new words and ideas, new forms of expressions. In some sense, we are programmed to do so, because our ancestors, and ancestors ancestors would have survived more easily by cultivating a sense for expression. Maybe what we express, are our most complicated and hidden structures from a design process that has been lasting since billions of years, and shows our most complex inner workings of our personal DNA structure ?
Anyway, you end up after escaping Napoli (which had good coffee, singing people, but the thread of being used by non-educated casa nostra people), and the bay of Naples (which is beautifull, but quite crowded with tourists), so - you end up walking in Tuscany in Val d'Orcia (where I had a great lunch, with Montepulciano read wine, taglietelle, escaloppe). The interesting thing is that I ended up walking alone there, realizing, that actually, the whole fact, that I can reflect about walking alone has been nothing else than a coincidence. But a very, very complicated one. Even more fascinating that I can tell you about this. A practical side-effect of this insight was that I was able to skip 2.5h waiting in a queue before the Uffizi galleries in Firenze. The only thing you have to do is to place yourself before Italian people, and hoping to meet english people with good common-sense...
My last two weeks have been an amazing experience, not because I was swimming in days of joy and happiness, but because I could improve my insights of Jimi Hendrix quote "I don't mind". Of course I do, but once in a while it is important to realize, that we shouldn't.
It all started with a 6 hours jet-lag, a stop-over in Amsterdam, and an elevator which gains exclusive access to members only. Actually, the only important occurence was the elevator not accepting VISA cards, but only badges. The designers of the elevators did not take into account the decreasing mental abilities of old people, i.e. that they might have trouble of discerning between credit cards and access badges. So, the lift, didn't move, and the old user was frustrated. Now, the clever mind asks, how to design a better elevator ? First of all, the elevator certainly did not have any idea what kind of beings send a request for a transport service. It could have been mushroom cladded aliens. Anyway, the only way to fully authenticate oneself would be by reading your personal DNA structure. (I find this a great idea by the way.)
So, it took me some days to realize that there is an important connection between our DNA structure, and our personal ambitions, our feelings for pleasure and suffering, and our capabilities to communicate about this by using music, paintings, fashion, food, cars, black magic vodoo dolls, compasses, elevators etc. It is because we all take somehow part in effects of human minds, that we always try out new words and ideas, new forms of expressions. In some sense, we are programmed to do so, because our ancestors, and ancestors ancestors would have survived more easily by cultivating a sense for expression. Maybe what we express, are our most complicated and hidden structures from a design process that has been lasting since billions of years, and shows our most complex inner workings of our personal DNA structure ?
Anyway, you end up after escaping Napoli (which had good coffee, singing people, but the thread of being used by non-educated casa nostra people), and the bay of Naples (which is beautifull, but quite crowded with tourists), so - you end up walking in Tuscany in Val d'Orcia (where I had a great lunch, with Montepulciano read wine, taglietelle, escaloppe). The interesting thing is that I ended up walking alone there, realizing, that actually, the whole fact, that I can reflect about walking alone has been nothing else than a coincidence. But a very, very complicated one. Even more fascinating that I can tell you about this. A practical side-effect of this insight was that I was able to skip 2.5h waiting in a queue before the Uffizi galleries in Firenze. The only thing you have to do is to place yourself before Italian people, and hoping to meet english people with good common-sense...
Monday, August 14, 2006
Art and Culture
from a newsgroup:
> I've cross posted this. In my experience a good artist can adopt several different styles of painting. If they use a certain style or explore a different technique will this mean that they are ' psychologically disturbed' ?
I think this question only make sense, if you give better concepts for "artist" and "the methods or style of the artists". Now, the question looks like you are assuming a Cartesian theater where "the artist" controls some part of his mind that then give a certain style to his work. The dualist view is misleading in questions related to the mind. Once you adopt a multiple-agent-viewpoint of the mind, you could argue that a good artist must be very sensitive to certain experiences, and
in turn, must be able to amplify these certain mental states (that are caused by the experiences directly in combinations with impressions from his long-term memories). Of course, we not always like to have certain mental states amplified, and in turn, our culture provides ways of thinking to avoid confrontation with them. On the other hand, good art often originates from the confrontation with average ways of
thinking. That is where your paradox comes from: On the one hand, it can be dangerous to leave safe cultural waters, on the other hand, it can be safe, no to stay in average cultural waters.
> I've cross posted this. In my experience a good artist can adopt several different styles of painting. If they use a certain style or explore a different technique will this mean that they are ' psychologically disturbed' ?
I think this question only make sense, if you give better concepts for "artist" and "the methods or style of the artists". Now, the question looks like you are assuming a Cartesian theater where "the artist" controls some part of his mind that then give a certain style to his work. The dualist view is misleading in questions related to the mind. Once you adopt a multiple-agent-viewpoint of the mind, you could argue that a good artist must be very sensitive to certain experiences, and
in turn, must be able to amplify these certain mental states (that are caused by the experiences directly in combinations with impressions from his long-term memories). Of course, we not always like to have certain mental states amplified, and in turn, our culture provides ways of thinking to avoid confrontation with them. On the other hand, good art often originates from the confrontation with average ways of
thinking. That is where your paradox comes from: On the one hand, it can be dangerous to leave safe cultural waters, on the other hand, it can be safe, no to stay in average cultural waters.
Thursday, August 10, 2006
About the use of memories
Minsky recently posted some thoughts from his book Society of Mind about our impression of continuous change in time. I also gave a reply :)
min...@media.mit.edu schrieb:
"The power of consciousness comes not from ceaseless change of state, but from having enough stability to discern significant changes in your surroundings. To "notice" change requires the ability to resist it, in order to sense what persists through time, but one can do this only by being able to examine and compare descriptions from the recent past. We notice change in spite of change, and not because of it. "
I agree that this is an interesting model to explain what our memories do: When our short-term memories can accurately predict a situation, we start to understand the world, form concepts and cause-effect relationships. It is also when our predictions are easy to make, that we start to get bored by a situation and that our higher-level reflective agents try to change their goals. Of course memories and learning are closely related. And what I find interesting, is, that when we are able to play we hardly notice that time passes ! For example, when I am programming, and am learning about a new abstraction of a problem, I hardly know what parts of the
design will work in the first place. Only much later I get an impression on which mistakes were necessary that solved my problem. My point is, before I try to resist change, I gratefully try to experience change. So, there are times when we read from our memories (resisting change), but equally there are times when we write to our memories (trying to make mistakes).
min...@media.mit.edu schrieb:
"The power of consciousness comes not from ceaseless change of state, but from having enough stability to discern significant changes in your surroundings. To "notice" change requires the ability to resist it, in order to sense what persists through time, but one can do this only by being able to examine and compare descriptions from the recent past. We notice change in spite of change, and not because of it. "
I agree that this is an interesting model to explain what our memories do: When our short-term memories can accurately predict a situation, we start to understand the world, form concepts and cause-effect relationships. It is also when our predictions are easy to make, that we start to get bored by a situation and that our higher-level reflective agents try to change their goals. Of course memories and learning are closely related. And what I find interesting, is, that when we are able to play we hardly notice that time passes ! For example, when I am programming, and am learning about a new abstraction of a problem, I hardly know what parts of the
design will work in the first place. Only much later I get an impression on which mistakes were necessary that solved my problem. My point is, before I try to resist change, I gratefully try to experience change. So, there are times when we read from our memories (resisting change), but equally there are times when we write to our memories (trying to make mistakes).
Thursday, August 03, 2006
structure and interpretation of computer programs
What is the meaning of a structure ? Why are certain structures more useful than others ? How do we build structures and abstractions ? From the book "Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs" :
"... It's in words that the magic is -- Abracadabra, Open Sesame, and the rest -- but the magic words in one story aren't magical in the next. The real magic is to understand which words work, and when, and for what; the trick is to learn the trick.
... And those words are made from the letters of our alphabet: a couple-dozen squiggles we can draw with the pen. This is the key! And the treasure, too, if we can only get our hands on it! It's as if -- as if the key to the treasure is the treasure!
John Barth, Chimera"
"... It's in words that the magic is -- Abracadabra, Open Sesame, and the rest -- but the magic words in one story aren't magical in the next. The real magic is to understand which words work, and when, and for what; the trick is to learn the trick.
... And those words are made from the letters of our alphabet: a couple-dozen squiggles we can draw with the pen. This is the key! And the treasure, too, if we can only get our hands on it! It's as if -- as if the key to the treasure is the treasure!
John Barth, Chimera"
Wednesday, July 26, 2006
Learning about design....
Back to modern times: Alan Kay, one of the pioneers in object-oriented programming, the "notebook" concept, and pioneer in graphical user interfaces (which is basically OO software up to now), seems to have said:
"If you don't fail at least 90 percent of the time, you're not aiming high enough."
Just reflects that learning can be an exhausting adventure...
"If you don't fail at least 90 percent of the time, you're not aiming high enough."
Just reflects that learning can be an exhausting adventure...
Monday, July 17, 2006
17th century Japan
I am reading the book "Narrow Road to a Far Province". It is about the adventures of a Japanese wandering-poet who describes many nice impressions of landscapes with mountains, water and the similarities of humans with other beings.
The book begins with:
"The passing days and months are eternal travellers in time. The years that come and go are travellers too. Life itself is a journey; and as for those who spend their days upon the waters in ships and those who grow old leading horses, their very home is the open road.
There came a day when the clouds drifting along with the wind aroused a wanderlust in me, and I set off on a journey to roam along the seashores."
The book begins with:
"The passing days and months are eternal travellers in time. The years that come and go are travellers too. Life itself is a journey; and as for those who spend their days upon the waters in ships and those who grow old leading horses, their very home is the open road.
There came a day when the clouds drifting along with the wind aroused a wanderlust in me, and I set off on a journey to roam along the seashores."
Monday, July 10, 2006
Concert before lunch
Last Sunday, I went to experience a concert in the Staatstheater am Gaertnerplatz. The music was very interesting. It started with a clarinette-cello-piano Trio of Zemlinsky in D-moll. I was very much fascinated by the voice of the clarinette, but also the cello and piano had very interesting stories to tell. Then, there came a piece by Anton Webern for piano and cello. Strange sounds, clear and accurate, long pauses between the tones, no classical emotional story, very abstract. Now that I am reading about functional programming and polymorphism, I realize that this new viewpoint gives another tool to look at the universe and data structures. I also bought some books about finance and economics. The first principle of finance - the time value of money - I find very important: "A dollar tomorrow is worth less than a dollar today", still we should take care with our invests to respect our values to protect freedom and peace.
Wednesday, June 28, 2006
Patterns !
Hi,
when we walk around in the universe, I am sometimes fascinated by how many things we "know", we seem to recognize. Seeing things in a sort of flow can be an absolute fascinating experience ! For example, when you would see the large Gothic style cathedral in Cologne, how many structures can be seen that provide a function of making the whole building robust ? A lot. The people who had built this cathedral must have absolutely been amazed of what clever building can do. On the other hand, there must have been a huge learning effort before one culture is able to start building these sort of structures.
Music is still one of my most favorite structures to study, next to software, and computer architectures. It is also about communication. I am reading a book by Negroponte about "Being digital", the introduction of multimedia in our lifes. The book is already a bit older, but still an interesting reading.
Here some side-way thinking: I had listened to some piano/saxophone jazz by
Coltrane and Ellington on the bike on the way home. I had the CD from the quartier latin in Paris from a second hand jazz shop, where some old people were having a party while selling music. Music is fascinating in how in interacts with our memories.
when we walk around in the universe, I am sometimes fascinated by how many things we "know", we seem to recognize. Seeing things in a sort of flow can be an absolute fascinating experience ! For example, when you would see the large Gothic style cathedral in Cologne, how many structures can be seen that provide a function of making the whole building robust ? A lot. The people who had built this cathedral must have absolutely been amazed of what clever building can do. On the other hand, there must have been a huge learning effort before one culture is able to start building these sort of structures.
Music is still one of my most favorite structures to study, next to software, and computer architectures. It is also about communication. I am reading a book by Negroponte about "Being digital", the introduction of multimedia in our lifes. The book is already a bit older, but still an interesting reading.
Here some side-way thinking: I had listened to some piano/saxophone jazz by
Coltrane and Ellington on the bike on the way home. I had the CD from the quartier latin in Paris from a second hand jazz shop, where some old people were having a party while selling music. Music is fascinating in how in interacts with our memories.
Tuesday, June 13, 2006
Programming and cognitive sciences...
The more I learn about programming (= reading about LISP temporarily), the more I come to realize that many insights in design and engineering will probably arise from the field of cognitive sciences. Design and engineering are divided into analyses and synthesis of concepts, and for both area's, we know about training methods (reading books, building prototypes, having discussions). Programming is so useful because it allows us to visualize, to transform and to transmit structures of information, such that we can deal with fluid concepts one day, adding a new dimension to understanding and learning.
Friday, June 02, 2006
More on functional vs. procedural
Just continued reading the discussion on the newsgroup from yesterday, and came across arguments in favor of procedurales languages. Most probably we will need a mix between functional and imperative programming. Also, I have heard somewhere the argument that structure and function never answer the same sort of questions. We always need a mix between both, as Wittgenstein seems not have accepted.
From the newsgroup:
R. Crawford, Sa 15 Mai 1993:
"I also disagree that procedural languages were the byproduct of the von Neumann
architecture. I claim that the procedural model is the more natural one for specifying any sort of process and would have been dominant even if we were programming on Turing machines. When you give someone directions to a nearby address, you state it procedurally. Turn left here. Stop. Turn right there.
Stop. When you instruct someone in the preparation of food, you state the recipe procedurally, not recursively. I think a better case may be made for the inevitability of procedural specifications than functional ones. "
(when specifying the change of a location, an algorithm could indeed be taken as sequence of directions to follow, and checks to make whether arrived. That is our "natural" way of transferring the meaning of an adress today. On the other hand when we want to know more about the place, we ask by using recursion "is it the place that .... of that ... ?)
From the newsgroup:
R. Crawford, Sa 15 Mai 1993:
"I also disagree that procedural languages were the byproduct of the von Neumann
architecture. I claim that the procedural model is the more natural one for specifying any sort of process and would have been dominant even if we were programming on Turing machines. When you give someone directions to a nearby address, you state it procedurally. Turn left here. Stop. Turn right there.
Stop. When you instruct someone in the preparation of food, you state the recipe procedurally, not recursively. I think a better case may be made for the inevitability of procedural specifications than functional ones. "
(when specifying the change of a location, an algorithm could indeed be taken as sequence of directions to follow, and checks to make whether arrived. That is our "natural" way of transferring the meaning of an adress today. On the other hand when we want to know more about the place, we ask by using recursion "is it the place that .... of that ... ?)
Thursday, June 01, 2006
Stored-program computers
Once I was watching a famous system engineer giving a presentation on the lack of communication between hardware and software people. I found his views quite interesting, that software people close themselves up in the abstractions of skys, while hardware people get lost in their fights with physical variations.
Now, I just came across a very interesting discussions in a newsgroup dating from 1993 (in comp.lang.functional under functional vs. imperative languages). Just reflects the difficulty we have with change....
I think that part of the answer is that SP
(software people) are trained different than HP (hardware
people). HP tend to consider themselves engineers and see
part of their job as being able to do cost/benefit anaylsis of
hardware technologies. There is very little resistence to
changing technologies for HP. SP on the other hand tend not
to pay attention to different SW technologies at all and are
typically not trained to evaluate different technologies. As
a result, very few SP are readily able to change to different
technologies. Some people could have learned COBOL+MVS or
C+Unix, been bottled in 1963, opened up today, and not see
much of a difference--but a lot of technological development
in SW technologies has taken place in the last 20 years! If
I were a HP I would be very nervous about using a 20 year old
technology to compete in todays market place.
Now, I just came across a very interesting discussions in a newsgroup dating from 1993 (in comp.lang.functional under functional vs. imperative languages). Just reflects the difficulty we have with change....
I think that part of the answer is that SP
(software people) are trained different than HP (hardware
people). HP tend to consider themselves engineers and see
part of their job as being able to do cost/benefit anaylsis of
hardware technologies. There is very little resistence to
changing technologies for HP. SP on the other hand tend not
to pay attention to different SW technologies at all and are
typically not trained to evaluate different technologies. As
a result, very few SP are readily able to change to different
technologies. Some people could have learned COBOL+MVS or
C+Unix, been bottled in 1963, opened up today, and not see
much of a difference--but a lot of technological development
in SW technologies has taken place in the last 20 years! If
I were a HP I would be very nervous about using a 20 year old
technology to compete in todays market place.
Wednesday, May 31, 2006
categories
This post is just some stack or heap of thoughts. Unsorted, No real category to be found.
I have been reading about the use of variables in programming languages, and I realized how many concepts are involved into a normal operation like
X = 4
We need to consider that we have storage somewhere - to store 4 items, maybe 4 voltages to keep it simple. In computers we use something like a register. Apart from the physical quantities, we assign a name to this storage place. We need this name to refer later to this place and to reason about change. Then there is the question on scope (or context) of the name. When I refer to X now, we will now what I am talking about. But when I am referring to X later or at another location I will need to give you more detailed hints. So, above expression needs at least 3 considerations: a location in the physical world, a binding to a name (maybe similar to a pronoun like "me" or "you"), and a value.
This makes abstractions maybe confusing for beginners.... you need to know what concept is referred to.
I have been reading about the use of variables in programming languages, and I realized how many concepts are involved into a normal operation like
X = 4
We need to consider that we have storage somewhere - to store 4 items, maybe 4 voltages to keep it simple. In computers we use something like a register. Apart from the physical quantities, we assign a name to this storage place. We need this name to refer later to this place and to reason about change. Then there is the question on scope (or context) of the name. When I refer to X now, we will now what I am talking about. But when I am referring to X later or at another location I will need to give you more detailed hints. So, above expression needs at least 3 considerations: a location in the physical world, a binding to a name (maybe similar to a pronoun like "me" or "you"), and a value.
This makes abstractions maybe confusing for beginners.... you need to know what concept is referred to.
Tuesday, May 30, 2006
Context
It has been a while since the last update of this blog. I have been mainly thinking about concepts for programming and knowledge representation. The difficult step with solving a problem is often given by expressing a problem in useful concepts (as I read today in a book on Haskell, a functional programming language). When we think about programming languages - transformations of structures given a certain input - we need to introduce concepts such as functions, variables, expressions, statements, procedures. But if we look at computers - the physical level of algorithms - all what we can find are voltages and currents, or forms of sequences with units of "0" and "1". But every interface is giving real world human psychological meaning to these abstract state machines. I find this very interesting.
Maybe the process of abstraction could be better understood when we look at the world of building things: Architecture. There, the abstract form of space is also translated into the more psychological problem of living environment. I realized this when I came across the concept of "pattern language" by Christopher Alexander who was an architect, and on whose concepts of patterns the wikipedia-encyclopedia is based. Behind every meaning that we express and generate, there is some "meta"-meaning or context, which guides our thoughts into certain direction. Maybe this meta-meaning is more powerful, and therefore also more limiting, than the distilled meaning which concerns us so much during decision making.
Maybe the process of abstraction could be better understood when we look at the world of building things: Architecture. There, the abstract form of space is also translated into the more psychological problem of living environment. I realized this when I came across the concept of "pattern language" by Christopher Alexander who was an architect, and on whose concepts of patterns the wikipedia-encyclopedia is based. Behind every meaning that we express and generate, there is some "meta"-meaning or context, which guides our thoughts into certain direction. Maybe this meta-meaning is more powerful, and therefore also more limiting, than the distilled meaning which concerns us so much during decision making.
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